About
This data is from a single participant who was a simultaneous English–Welsh bilingual and who had subsequently also acquired Spanish (South American). The participant was presented with 100 cues in each of English, Welsh and Spanish. The English cues were randomly selected from the 2nd and 3rd thousand most frequent words in the British National Corpus. The Welsh and Spanish cues were translations of the English cues.
The participant completed three test events at 2-month intervals. Each test event consisted of three test sessions administered on consecutive days. At each session, the participant was presented with three sets of (33 or 34) cues, one set in Welsh, one in English and one in Spanish. In order to minimise priming effects, the order of the cues was randomised in each set, and the order of the language sets was different on each day. By the end of day 3, the participant had produced WA responses to 100 words in all three languages.
This data was collected in order to address research questions such as:
- In a simultaneous English-Welsh bilingual, who has subsequently also acquired Spanish, are there fewer differences between WA behaviour in English and Welsh than there are between either of these two languages and Spanish?
- At 3 test times, spaced at 2-month intervals and using the same sets of cues in Welsh, English and Spanish at each test time, is the response behaviour of the participant consistent in terms of a) lexical items produced and/or b) categories of responses?
- Is there a relationship between imageability of the cue word, and the likelihood of a translation-equivalent response being given in each of the 3 languages?
- Do translation equivalent responses indicate conceptual rather than linguistic processing? (e.g. table-chair; bwrdd-cadair; mesa-silla)
Please cite the information and data on this page as: Fitzpatrick, T., Mills, T., and Morris, S. (2025). Finding, Sharing and Losing Words: Understanding the mental lexicon [Fitzpatrick, T. Trilingual word associations]. Swansea University. https://mental-lexicon.swansea.ac.uk/.
Data
By downloading the following files, you agree to use this dataset under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International.
| File | Link |
| Welsh-English-Spanish WA Case Study Dataset | Dataset.xlsx |
| Welsh-English-Spanish WA Case Study Information | Instructions.pdf |
Acknowledgments
This data was collected by Tess Fitzpatrick in an unfunded project.